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SAFETY, WASTE DISPOSAL, AND RADIATION HAZARDS 45 understanding of the radiation problem which has been found useful for persons requiring a layman's understanding of the nature of radiation- such as teachers groups, public safety officials, transportation execu- tives, insurance executives, service clubs, colleges, and universities, etc. The film will also be useful to those technically qualified, since it demonstrates proven techniques for explaining the radiation hazard to the layman. Since it is basic to the acceptance of any hazard that we expect to get some benefit from it, the lecture-film briefly summarizes some of the beneficial uses of radioactive materials — in medicine, agriculture, industry, systems for nuclear auxiliary power, food ster- ilization— that justify acceptance of the hazard. The lecturer then explains briefly the internal radiation problem, and in detail the ex- ternal radiation problem. Information is given on ionization, background levels of radiation, the roentgen, the various radiation levels required to produce immediate injury and low-level radiation exposures over long periods of time. The lecturer discusses the somatic effects (on the individual) and genetic effects (on future generations), and makes a comparison of the acceptable-versus-dangerous levels for radiation with that of the levels for carbon monoxide, to show the conservative nature of radiation regulations. An explanation is given of time, dis- tance and shielding and how they are used to control external radiation exposure. The lecturer points out that the question is not radiation versus no radiation, but rather how much more radiation exposure people can accept consistent with the other hazards of our environ- ment— all balanced against the tremendous industrial, medical, and research benefits of the nuclear age. He summarizes and concludes: "Radiation is another of the hazards with which we must deal as we make progress in our industrial age. Radiation energy in quantity can damage living tissue. However, within limits we can live with this problem so that we can obtain the benefits of the atomic age. This parallels our acceptance of other hazards. There is a tremendous spread between the routinely acceptable operating radiation levels and the dangerous levels — many thousands of times greater than the cor- responding spread for other hazards. All radiation contributes to but is not the sole cause of mankind's genetic problems. The proportion due to atomic energy is very small. The conclusion is clear: we can enjoy the benefits of the nuclear age with safety to employees and the public." RADIATION PROTECTION IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE . . See page 12 RADIATION SAFETY IN NUCLEAR ENERGY EXPLORATIONS (1962). 24 minutes, color. Produced by the Communicable Disease Center, U. S. Public Health Service, for the Division of Radiological Health, U. S. Public Health Service, in cooperation with the USAEC's Albu-