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7 accompanies it in its annual course round the Sun; and that the apparent motion of the heavenly bodies from east to west is caused by the Earth’s motion on its axis from west to east. (When we speak of the Earth’s axis, we mean that the Earth revolves or turns round, as if it were upon an axis or spindle, the extremities of which imaginary line are called the North and South Poles of the Earth.) The truth of this system has been completely established by the discoveries of Galileo, Kepler, and Newton, who established the great laws which regulate planetary motion. Since the time of Copernicus, several additional planets have been dis- covered, as well as satellites or moons revolving round the four more distant. The system as at present known is represented by DIAGRAM II. Here we see the Sun in the centre, nearest him Mercury, then Yenus, the Earth and Moon, Mars, then several small newly-discovered planets or Asteroids, Jupiter with his 4 moons, Saturn with his ring and 8 oioons, Uranus with 6 moons, and Neptune with his ring and 2 moons. Besides these, two Comets are represented in the diagram. All these bodies move round the Sun in regular orbits, those nearest him revolving most quickly, and those at a distance moving at a much slower rate. Thus Mercury performs his circuit in 88 days, whilst Nep- tune occupies 164 years. The daily rotation of the Earth upon its axis causes all the heavenly bodies to appear to move round us in twenty-four hours. The annual revolution of the Earth around the Sun causes tUe apparent place of the Sun and Planets among the fixed stars to change from day to day (see p. 20) ; but, ln addition, the places of the planets as seen in the heavens among the fixed stars are changed by their own revolution round the Sun. The movements of the planets round the Sun are