We use Optical Character Recognition (OCR) during our scanning and processing workflow to make the content of each page searchable. You can view the automatically generated text below as well as copy and paste individual pieces of text to quote in your own work.
Text recognition is never 100% accurate. Many parts of the scanned page may not be reflected in the OCR text output, including: images, page layout, certain fonts or handwriting.
CHAPTER III. GROUNDS: HOW TO TEST FOR THEM
(1) A "ground" may indicate one of two conditions: (a) A connection of one or both polarities to earth, with or without evidence of current leakage, or (b) a connection of polarities through an unsuspected path other than the earth, resulting in an unintended current flow.
(2) A ground may be intentional, as in an Edison 3-wire system, in which the neutral is permanently grounded in order to protect the conduit, etc., from being charged at high voltage, which is a dangerous condition. (3) The grounding of the neutral causes no current leakage unless one of the other wires becomes grounded to earth, and the path between the two grounds — because of low resistance — permits the voltage to force current through.
Effect of Ground Resistance
(4) Every ground through earth offers resistance, otherwise it would be a short circuit. The points at which opposite polarities contact earth may be close together, and yet the earth will offer little resistance, especially when it is wet. In such a case there would be heavy current leakage. (5) The points of contact may be relatively near, but the resistance so great that little or no current will flow through. The likelihood of high resistance in the ground is greater with the increasing distance between the points of contact with the earth.
(6) Ground through something other than earth is much the same in effect, except that the reasons for low or high resistance are different. (7) Take for example, the lamphouse and its electrical circuit. A worn spot in the insulation or a loose strand in a positive wire
52