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Technical Aspects of the Noreico PIP Audio-Visual System
A. R. Singleton
Technical Comniercial Manager Training and Education Systems Group North American Philips Corp.
PIP Audio-Visual System is not limited to personalized viewing. It is capable of large screen rear and direct projection.
The double system format employed by the PIP system, in which visual and audio arc t)n separate carriers, provides a flexibility and program economy which is unique in the audio-visual field.
In the PIP system visual images are carried on silent Super K film h)adcd into a cassette, while audio is carried on magnetic tape in a second cassette — a standard Compact Cassette.
Up to .*>() feet of Super K film k loadeil into the Noreico visual cas selle. ilesign of which duplicates many of the features of the Compact
Cassette. It i>lfers the facilities of fast forward and rewind, together with cassette handling and storage conveniences.
A tight-wind mechanism is included in the visual cassette to control the lay of the film and to prevent film unwinding when the cassette is removed from the equipment. A precision pressure and gate jilate built into each cassetle provides accurate guidance of the film in both loiw;ird and reverse operation.
\udio is carried on tracks 1 and 2 of the Compact Cassette, as in all cassetle systems, assuring complete
compatibility with all pre-rccorde" programs. Control signals which ai used to advance the film are carric on a separate and isi>laled trac (track 4) of the same cassette. Ih insures that there is no crossial between audio and control signal and provides safety margins necc; sary for a highly reliable system.
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One tone pulse is recorded fo
each frame of the film. Each puis advances the film one frame, timin of the pulses determining rate c film advance. Since control signal are recorded on the same magneti tape as the audio in direct relation ship to the narration, accurate syn chronization is achieved at all fram rates up to and including 24 fps. Th accuracy of sjnchronization enable full lip sync to be shown even at th economical frame rate of 12 fps o lower.
The unique projection mechanisn (pat. pending) includes a shutte which rotates at a constant higl speed during motion and still frami sequences. Image brightness, there fore, is maintained at a conslan level. It is essentially flicker-free be cause the shutter speed is above th( flicker threshold.
Film is advanced by a two-toothe< claw which engages with the filn only when it is to be moved. Thi claw reciprocates continuously ii step with the shutter and is clcc ' ironically actuated to engage wit the film when a control signal is re cci\ed from the control track on thi audio cassetle. Hie claw is electron ically gated to advance the filn when the shutter interrupts the ligli beam. F'oliowing advance of the filn by one frame during a single cycK of the claw, the claw is magneticalh latched in the withdrawn position awaiting arri\al of the next conin pulse. 1 he waiting, or latched p. riod. could be very short if the film is to be moved at a motion rate, oi of long duration if a single still frame is lo be projecteil.
The high specil of the film advance mechanism, together with very accurate registration, make sim plifieil animation and pop-on techniques two of the impi>rtani features" of the PIP system.
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