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THE EVOLUTION OF FILM 37
merits. Laboratory researches have included the cause of electrical markings on film during exposure, improvements and increased efficiency of developing and printing processes, the method of waxing trie edges of new prints to prolong their life, and many investigations along similar lines. In addition, the Laboratories have been responsible for the introduction of several new and specialized types of film as the motion picture industry has moved on its forward march.
Safety film, for instance, with slow-burning base, was made available. Its principal use is for prints — such as industrial motion pictures — that are to be projected in auditoriums lacking fireproof projection booths, and for home movies.
In 1921 tints were added to the positive film base. Nine colors were made available, and the industry rapidly turned from black and white to the greater expressiveness and the more pleasing appearance on the screen made possible by the addition of hues. In the same year the so-called "news positive" was introduced, the characteristic of which was a thinner base. News prints are required for exhibition for a shorter duration of time than feature prints, and consequently, since they receive less wear, a thinner base is possible.
Exigencies of the industry's growth required that more than one negative of each picture should be available, for considerations of precaution against loss as well as to increase the facility with which a large number of prints could be made. As a result, duplicating negative film was evolved in 1926. Its emulsion is especially suited to the purpose.
For the past ten or twelve years panchromatic film, which reproduces all colors of the visible spectrum, has been manufactured and used in a limited way. Not until 1927, however, did improvements in this type of film make it apparent to motion picture producers that superior quality negatives could be obtained by the use of panchromatic film. In a remarkably short space of time thereafter panchromatic film almost completely replaced the older type of negative. In 1928 the Eastman Kodak Company produced a panchromatic film, called "Type 2," which was worked out to give the best results with incandescent lighting when that type of illumination assumed the disposition to displace previously used lighting systems.
The advent of sound with motion pictures made many striking changes in the industry. One of the most marked was to throw out the tints that had been almost universally used for motion picture prints in the preceding years and to bring in the original black and white instead. The reason for this was that the tints then in existence had a strong tendency to interfere with the passage through the sound track of the light to which the photo-electric cells were most sensitive. As a result, tints in prints seriously distorted the sound reproduction. Consequently tints were abandoned.
Laboratory technique, however, was more than equal to the situation. After months of research, the Eastman Kodak Research Laboratories produced a series of sixteen tints and a neutral "argent" to restore to the screen the brilliance it had lost. The new tints interfered with the sound reproduction to no perceptible degree. Use of