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MOTION PICTURE PHOTOGRAPHY
universally used in motion picture cameras that it is almost unnecessary to take any other type into consideration. The shutter should consist of two blades, one of which is set immovably with a minimum area for keeping the aperture closed during the downward movement of the film. Another blade should be provided which may be adjusted so as to decrease the opening in the shutter by revolving it past the fixed blade, so that the opening may be entirely closed if necessary. While it is preferable to use the maximum opening of the shutter in most instances, there are many times when it is desirable, for various reasons, to cut down the exposure by means of the shutter opening instead of a smaller diaphragm opening.
A means for decreasing the shutter opening while the camera is in operation is called a shutter dissolve. By its employment are obtained such effects as fade-outs, fade-ins, dissolves, etc. There are two types of shutter dissolve, the automatic and the hand operated. In the automatic dissolve the pressure of a button on the camera throws a clutch into operation that closes the movable shutter blade gradually in a predetermined number of feet of film. With the hand operated dissolve the shutter may be closed gradually by hand in any length of film desired. Generally neither one of these features is provided by camera manufacturers, one of the few exceptions being the Bell & Howell camera, which has an automatic dissolve incorporated in the camera mechanism. So desirable is this form of dissolve that most professional cameramen have had them installed in their cameras by some mechanic who makes a specialty of cinematographic machinery. It is to be expected that most manufacturers will meet the demand for this device in their later models of cameras.
One of the hardest problems for the student motion picture photographer is the choice of a camera. The popularity of motion pictures has caused many inventors and promoters to place miniature or toy motion picture outfits on the market. While such cameras and projectors may have a field of their own among amateurs who have no serious intention of becoming professional motion picture photographers, they are of little use for any other purpose.
The reason for their existence is the decreased cost in their operation, by reason of the very small film which they use. This
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