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460 Putting Research into Practice
With color fading and acetate degradation becoming alt too evident in film collections, research has turned to investigating these problems. The Image Permanence institute/'^ Eastman Kodak Company,^ and other laboratories around the world have provided a fuller picture of deterioration behavior. Although the role of temperature and moisture in governing the rate of decay has been acknowledged in preservation science and practice for many decades, something profound has only recently been brought to light: the actual quantitative relationships involved.
Over the last twenty years— and especially within the last five— a great deal of laboratory work has been done to establish predictive models of deterioration for dye fading* and film base decomposition in nitrate and acetate.^ These models have shown just how long inherently unstable materials can last under the right storage conditions. They also show the converse— that the wrong environment can doom collections to very short lifetimes. Deterioration is always proceeding, sometimes faster, sometimes slower. It is now possible to know, at least in a general way, how long it is reasonable to expect collections to last in any plausible combination of temperature and RH conditions.
Helping Original Films To Last Longer
Recent advances in our understanding of film deterioration point the way to a balanced and cost-effective strategy of improved storage and selective copying. Research shows that even degraded film will last longer under cooler and drier conditions. If film is stored properly from the beginning, life expectancies measured in centuries are possible. A number
' P. Z. Adelstein, J. M. Rellly, D. W. Nishimura, and C. J. Erbland, "Stability of Cellulose Ester Base Photographic Film: Part I— Laboratory Testing Procedures," Journal of Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, 101, 5:336-346, May 1992.
^ P. Z. Adelstein, J. M. Reilly, D. W. Nishimura, and C. J. Erbland, 'Stability of Cellulose Ester Base Photographic Film: Part II— Practical Storage Considerations," Journal of Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, 101, 5:347-353, May 1992.
^ A. Tuisi Ram, David F. Kopperl, Richard C. Sehlin, Stephanie Masaryk-Morris, James L. Vincent, and Paige Miller, 'The Effects and Prevention of the 'Vinegar Syndrome;* presentation at the IS&T 46th Annual Conference, Boston, MA (May, 1993).
* Conservation of Photographs, Kodak Publication No. F-40 (Rochester, Eastman Kodak Company, 1985).
* James M. Reilly, The IPI Storage Guide for Acetate Film (Rochester, NY: Image Permanence Institute, 1993).
36 Redefining Film Preservation