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THE EUROPEAN CINEMA
of the Italian renaissance? Further films alone will provide the answer. It is important to note that Rossellini went to Berlin to make his third film, Germany Year Zero} All current Italian films, including the inevitable operatic adaptations, are skilful and knowing, every inch the technical equal of their foreign competitors. But only those which have attacked with passion the problems of remoulding society have reached the world audience which, nowadays, every national film industry must seem to have to survive.
(VI) Films From Other Countries
Apart from the film production of those countries already surveyed, the record of the smaller nations in Europe has continued to be one of brave artistic attempt and all too often economic failure. In most cases lacking sufficient domestic market to ensure adequate cost of production, the smaller countries could only in rare instances secure enough outside distribution to keep their budding film industries going on anything but a spasmodic basis. Paradoxically, the coming of spoken dialogue both improved and worsened the position. It meant, in the first place, that some indigenous films had to be produced in a nation's own language because audiences would not tolerate imported pictures in a foreign language all the time, despite over-printed titles. Secondly, the use of dialogue still further restricted a picture's chances of being exported outside its country of production. With these factors in mind, it is remarkable how much production was undertaken in the thirties by the smaller countries. Occasional striking films, imbued with the unfamiliar values of cultures somewhat remote from those most frequently reflected on the screen, only served to emphasise their rarity
^^Rossellini's last film, Amove, is in two parts ; the first based on Cocteau's The Human Voice (English translation, Vision Press, 1951); the second, The Miracle, is an original story. Both are centred round Anna Magnani; neither is relevant to post-war Italy. The Miracle is frankly mystical.
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