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Cinematography in Colors 587
the black and white with the color pictures was said to reduce fringing, and this was further reduced by throwing the color pictures slightly out of focus while printing. Various methods were suggested for printing.
The Silent Drama Syndicate50 would use standard size film but reduce the pictures to half the usual width and take them alternately staggered, so that the center of one picture was level with the dividing line of two pictures of the next row. H. Dony51 proposed to obtain the negatives in the usual way, then color the images in accordance with the filters or use a sector shutter and three or four images might be used in blue, yellow, red and yellow. The same inventor5 would use a rotary shutter with red, yellow, green and yellow sectors, claiming better exposures. The same shutter could be used for projection.
H. May53 proposed to take the negatives with equal color sectors, but project with sectors variable so as to agree with the sensibility of the eye to colors. C. Friese-Greene54 described his process of two-color cinematography by the persistence method. A color sector filter was rotated behind the camera shutter, and the former had a white light aperture, thus utilizing the ideas of Raleigh, Kelley and others. Ordinary positives were produced and the colors applied to each positive, thus copying Joly, Campbell and others. A. Hnatek55 used the persistence method with two objectives and projected each image twice, like Lee & Turner. R. B. Barcala5* patented the usual tri-color sectors for taking and projecting. Pathe',T patented a projector with the usual sectors and an additional shutter behind the gate. H. Blanc58 proposed the normal sector for taking and projecting through red, yellow and blue, or the whole seven spectral colors might be used. The Lcsjakplattenpackfabrik59 patented color sectors before the gate.
Additive Simultaneous Projection. — F. M. Lee and E. R. Turner60 although not claiming simultaneous projection, yet in their specification stated that "the positives of the various color sensations may be exhibited singly in rapid succession, or two or more of them may be superposed." And in projecting there was some sort of simultaneous superposition, which must, however, never have been actually sharp. Because the three negatives were taken in succession and not simultaneously, therefore, in any movement there must have been different phases recorded in successive pictures, so that actual superposition could not have been obtained. The familiar color sector shutter was used with opaque sectors in between. In projection although the same colors were used in the sectors, they were placed in different order in the three divisions. Three projecting objectives were used vertically superposed and three pictures simultaneously shown, each component being shown first through the top lens, then by the middle and lastly by the bottom lens. The shutter had colored concentric sectors, with narrow, opaque, radial sectors between each triad of filters. In the first triad the order of the colors from the periphery to the center