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324 JOHN L. CASS [J. S. M. P. E.
combined with ingenious cutting which has proven many times that a perfect illusion may thus be created. Sound was added to increase the scope and flexibility of the motion picture as a form of dramatic expression, and to combine with the picture the ability to cater to the musical appetites of the public. This musical appetite was demonstrated by the popularity of the phonograph, followed by the overwhelming success of radio broadcasting.
Several of the great electrical companies, recognizing the possibilities of the talking picture, developed equipment which made possible the creation of a new medium of expression, meaning a new form of illusion. Sounds may be recorded with sufficient fidelity and strength, and with such accurate directional effect, that the theater audience of today may forget the medium used, and may lose itself in absorbing the meaning of the images and accompanying sounds without being conscious of the medium itself. The popularity of talking pictures is due to the success of the illusion.
A number of requirements must be met to maintain the illusion. As in the case of the printed word, the pictures must be easily discernible, and the sounds easily understood. Intelligibility, and musical quality, may now be guaranteed, and will be further improved as the fruits of research come from the laboratories. However, the greatest strides will come from the development of recording technic.
Now that equipment is approaching perfection, the time has arrived for concentration on the psychological phases of recording, to the end that inconsistencies may be minimized. Referring to silent picture methods for a moment, let us consider photographic technic. Changing of camera angle or camera lens means that the eye of the observer is being shifted, either in angle or in distance, from the action. It has been found that the eye of the audience may be moved and by this means actually enhance the illusion of reality, provided the movement is accomplished judiciously and with definite purpose. It is quite possible to induce dizziness and nausea in an observer by such means as photography from the rolling deck of a vessel. Similarly, cutting from a very long shot to a close-up at the wrong time would very probably induce an effect of sudden acceleration. There is a similar situation in the handling of sound records.
Present practice in sound studios involves the use of a number of cameras, each using a lens of focal length which places the observer at a very definite point with respect to the action. The extreme positions would be the long shot, covering the entire set, and the big