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March, 1930] WATER COOI.ING OF INCANDESCENT LAMPS 343
is put in, in strips, so that inequalities in temperature causing unequal expansion do not crack it.
MR. EDWARDS: I think that some years ago some experiments were made on artificial cooling with the same general ideas that we have seen this morning. At that time, a modification of a thermo-syphon system was used, and I wonder if anybody has ever tried the idea of a modified form of refrigeration, such as that used in a gas operated refrigerator, for the purpose of keeping a lamp cool. That might be actuated by the natural heat of the lamp itself. I think it is a line on which research might be done.
DR. GORDON: I should like to make a few remarks on some of the objections that have been raised to the water cooling of incandescent lamps. We cannot expect to eliminate the heat by means of water without encountering some difficulty. The question to be answered will be: "Can the water cooling be made so convenient that the objections to it will be more than compensated for by the reduction in radiant heat?" It is thought that the water leads can be combined with the electric leads so that only one cable will be necessary.
When a medium, such as silk, is used before the lamp a loss of more than 50 per cent of the light has been observed so that heat is eliminated only at the expense of a very considerable amount of light. It is thought that a water cell cannot be used in the beam satisfactorily unless the cell is water cooled. Otherwise trouble would be experienced due to leakage caused by excessive expansion and contraction of the cell. Since we have to use water connections to cool a cell placed in the beam, it would seem better to surround the entire lamp with the water cell and take care of all the radiation.
The installation of ventilation systems has been mentioned. In this case, it might be the cost of the ventilation systems against the cost of water cooled lamps, and in some instances ventilation systems might not be required. A ventilation system does not remove the heat from the beam of radiation. Certain lamps which are not movable afford a very convenient place for water cooling since the water leads would not have to be carried around.
In regard to the risk of explosion, we have let lamps operate without circulating, the water. The water heats up, starts to boil, steam escapes through the gaskets, and if you let this continue the lamp bulb will crack when the water is about half evaporated. So far we have had no outside jacket break and have experienced no trouble from explosion.