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540 ARTHUR S. NEWMAN [j. s. M. P. E.
measured across the film, led to continuous trouble among users and makers of film or of pictures. Then an attempt was made to bring the different ideas of users into line, with very little success. The battle of the gauges lasted many years, and is not quite settled at the present time, but so near an agreement has been arrived at that little difficulty now remains, and mechanism of the highest accuracy can now be designed with the certainty that the film is sufficiently accurate in its manufacture to work in connection with the most accurately made mechanism. This was not possible before the pilot pin became an integral item in the construction of the perforator.
We now arrive at what I call the third or accurate stage of camera construction. It was about the second part of the claw era that the pilot pin was added to the perforator; indeed, three-quarters of the way through the claw era, the pictures were not steady. All at once from Pathe came a series of steady pictures and everybody was very much surprised; this result was attained by the addition of the pilot pin to the perforator. Then came the battle of the gauges ; we began to fight among ourselves as to whether we should have long gauge or short gauge, and to dispute as to the shape of the perforations and for years the industry suffered very considerably in consequence, but at last we have settled down, so that, although we are not in exact agreement, we are reasonably near to it, and can with confidence place an accurate mechanism in the camera and be sure of obtaining film sufficiently correct in gauge and dimension.
Celluloid, as I have before mentioned, is a very unstable substance. It is affected by heat, by development, by quick drying, in fact, by a thousand and one things; nevertheless we have got the film down to such a stage that it is possible to run it on a pilot pin fitted within Yioooth of an inch limit. This third stage is characterized by the reduction in the size of the apparatus, due to the placing of the feed and take-up boxes side by side, or by the addition of magazines to a comparatively small box which contains the mechanism, or by arranging the two rolls so that the space taken up by the feed roll is to some extent utilized by the take-up roll, as the feed roll becomes smaller.
Now I am about to place before you some of my own ideas as to camera construction in the future. Perhaps the most important point concerns the pilot pin and whether one ought to have the pilot pin fixed or moving. There is no doubt in my mind that the fixed pin is the most reliable. Pins which slide become loose in their fitting and registration suffers accordingly. I am expressing here my own