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16 ENGSTROM, BEERS, AND BEDFORD (J. S. M. P. E.
other sources. Apparatus of the type used at the television broadcasting station or apparatus of the simplified type just described will be satisfactory for this service.
FILM BEST SUITED FOR TELEVISION
Laboratory work and field test experience permit some preliminary generalizations on film that has given good results for television. Comment is here directed to the technical characteristics of film and not to the entertainment qualities. It appears that film having characteristics best suited for theater projection is also generally best for television. Studio sets having all dark backgrounds should be avoided. A good number of close-ups should be used but these should be generously interspersed with long shots. Some experience may be necessary to take into account the resolution limits1 of present-day television. Special processing of film does not seem to be necessary.
Film photographed in color directly from real life or nature appears satisfactory for television. Some cartoons in color have not given particularly satisfactory results.
Thus, it appears that there may be no really serious technical problems in the production of motion picture films suitable for television program material.
REFERENCE
1 BEERS, G. L., ENGSTROM, E. W., AND MALOFF, I. G.: "Some Television Problems from the Motion Picture Standpoint," /. Soc. Mot. Pict. Eng., XXXII (Feb., 1939) p. 121.
DISCUSSION
MR. MACKEOWN: Why has television adopted 30 frames a second when 24 are used in ordinary moving pictures?
MR. ENGSTROM : To explain fully the choice of 30 frames for television would be beyond the scope of the present discussion. Papers were published in the JOURNAL of this Society in January and February of this year that dealt with this particular problem.
Basically the reason is that electron beams are used for scanning at the transmitter to produce the television signals, and electron beams for scanning at the receiving or reproducing end. These electronic devices are affected by fluctuations in supply voltages and stray variations in electric and magnetic fields. The visual result is a pattern of varying brightness with respect to time that corresponds to the extraneous influence. If the frame frequency is made a wholenumber submultiple of the power-supply frequency, then the visual patterns in the reproduced image are stationary and the effects are much less pronounced.