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1950 SIMPLIFICATION OF PROCESSING METHODS 23
4. By the use of stepped-roller shoulders and the interposition at suitable points of fully supporting soft-rubber rollers, . 16 and 35mm film can be run alternately without pause.
5. To avoid excessive carry-over or dilution of the concentrated solutions which would otherwise occur in the necessarily very short cross-over paths, soft-rubber wringer rollers or other squeegee devices must be used.
6. Film Drive. In the equipment described, the film receives positive drive at a single roller near the wind-up. This is made possible by the shortness of the film paths and by the reduction in film-dimensional change in the shortened processing times. As the length of the film path and the number of rollers is increased to provide for additional stages of treatment, it is to be expected that provision for relief of accumulated film tension will be required.
7. Spray Application. Forceful application of an over-all fine spray appears most practical for vertical film strands. A flooding-type low-pressure nozzle has the advantage of operating at low pressures and does not clog easily. However, it is usually applicable only to horizontal film paths. Widely spaced solid stream jets are usually not suitable.
8. Splicing and Roll Handling. Suitable rapid automatic splicing is needed with fast machines to eliminate the need for bulky filmreservoir elevators. Developments in heat splicers show promise. In low-speed machines, threading can be made so simple that leaders can be dispensed with. The machine can be stopped momentarily for rethreading after the tail end of the preceding roll has been allowed to run through.
9. Power Consumption. It should be possible to increase the efficiency of squeegeeing immensely by improvement of the pneumatic method or by introduction of another. Likewise, with the use of air recirculation and with low-pressure fans in place of compressors, power consumption during drying can be minimized. Machines designed for greater economy of power and water consumption with provision for removal of hypo from water16 and for daylight operation should prove useful for military and other uses in which portability is required.
APPENDIX II. SELECTION OF COMPONENTS
1. Thermometers. When the solutions are rapidly circulated, the temperature can be measured accurately by means of an industrialtype thermometer properly located in the spray-nozzle feed lines. Examples are the Weston Dial Thermometer Model 221-D, Range