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Judge No.
Scene
Excellent / Good /
„•<
Poor / Verypoor^
v B C
) E F G H ! J K
Fig. 1. Form on which observers recorded judgments of tone-reproduction quality.
study of the optimum tone-reproduction characteristics of motion-picture prints.
Judging
The prints were presented to an audience of observers in the auditorium of the Kodak Research .Laboratories. A screen luminance of 10 ft-L was used. The indoor scenes were judged by 34 observers at the first viewing session, and the outdoor scenes by 32 observers at a later session. About half of the observers at each session can be classified as experts in the evaluation of tonereproduction quality; 20% were persons with varying amounts of previous experience in making this type of judgment, who had some familiarity with the general procedure being followed; and the remaining 30% had had little or no previous experience.
Each observer was supplied with a number of forms for recording his judgments, as illustrated in Fig. 1. A separate sheet was used for each exposure series. There were 16 sheets to be filled out by each observer for the indoor scenes, and 32 sheets for the outdoor scenes. The quality scale shown at the left of the sheet is intended to embrace all levels of quality. It is divided into 5 categories: "excellent," "good," "fair," "poor" and "very poor." The observers were instructed to indicate their opinion of the quality of each scene
at each exposure level by means of a short horizontal mark across the appropriate vertical line. Any number of different quality levels could be indicated within each of the labeled categories. For example, a judge might feel that all the prints of a particular exposure series were "good," although he would recognize that some were better than others. He would therefore make all of his marks at various levels within the "good" region. It can be seen that this method of recording the judgment data permits both an absolute rating of each picture according to five more or less arbitrary but mutually exclusive quality categories, as well as the rating of relative quality on a continuous scale.
The use of heavy black lines on the graphs and a very low level of general illumination made it possible for the observers to record their judgments without undue eyestrain, and without changing their level of brightness adaptation from that of the motion-picture screen.
When the indoor scenes were judged, each exposure series was presented for a preliminary viewing, after which it was presented again and the judgments were recorded. The reproductions at each exposure level remained on the screen for about 20 sec. When the outdoor scenes were presented, the preliminary viewing of the pictures from each exposure level lasted only 4 sec, and the final viewing 16 sec. It is felt that the latter procedure permitted a better overall evaluation of the quality of a particular series, while causing the observers less fatigue.
All the series were presented in the same order, ranging from prints made from overexposed negatives to those made from the negatives having the least exposure.
The exposure series on Kodachrome Film, Daylight Type, were judged by twenty observers, who used the form in Fig. 1 for recording their judgments.
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January 1954 Journal of the SMPTE Vol. 62