Motion picture projection; an elementary text-book (1921)

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MOTION PICTURE PROJECTION 123 Refraction. The change of direction which a ray of light undergoes upon entering obliquely .a medium of different density from that through which it has been passing. In this case the following laws obtain : (a) Light is refracted whenever it passes obliquely from one medium to another of different optical density. (6) The index of refraction for a given substance is a constant quantity whatever be the angle of incidence. (c) The refracted ray lies in the plane of the incident ray and the normal. (d) Light rays are .bent toward the normal when they enter a more refracted medium and from the normal when they enter a less refracted medium. A lense may be defined as a piece of glass or other transparent substance with one or both sides curved. Both sides may be curved, or one curved and the other flat. The object of the lens is to change the direction of rays of light and thus magnify objects or otherwise modify vision. Lenses may be classed as : Double convex Double concave Piano convex Piano concave Concavo convex Convexo concave The focus of a lens is the point where the refracted rays meet. Spherical Aberration. The reflected rays of concave spherical mirrors do not meet exactly the same point. This is called spherical aberration.