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MOTION PICTURE PROJECTION one-tenth as rapid as it really it. This is a very moderate reduction. By the use of the electric spark, pictures in great number in very small spaces of time may be taken and reproduced on the pro- jection film for a rate of motion a hundredth or less of the real speed. Thus the French government used ultra-rapid photography to investigate the motion of projectiles and the outrush of the gasses from the gun as it was discharged. The special apparatus, which was employed took as many as 20,000 images a second, using the electric spark. The spark of the static discharge of electricity performed the functions of the shutter of the ordinary moving picture camera, with the inconceivable rapidity or rather frequency stated above. The film in the camera moved at the rate of 328 feet per sec- ond, and when it was projected the speed was the standard one of one foot a second. It can be readily understood that a per- fect opportunity for studying the action of a projectile is afforded when the rate of motion is slowed down to a small fraction of the original. We know so little about the real action of many things, simply because they move too fast for us to see what is taking; place. But here the projector comes to the rescue. The film may have been taken at any speed within the limits of mechanics and of photography, but when it comes to projecting it on the film, the projection brings the speed down to so slow a pitch, that the eye can have presented to it the most difficult movements in clear and intelligible fashion. STUDYING EFFICIENCY BY PROJECTION For the study of efficiency the ultra-rapid process is most prac- tical and valuable. The work of the surgeon in cutting the tissue of the patient is repeated over and over as required on the screen with such deliberation that the motion may be only one tenth or less than the real in speed. In this way every motion of the master hand is made in the smallest detail. Machinery has been thus- studied. The projection of the mechanism in motion at a slow rate of speed, so that every little feature of its action could be seen and studied at a rate enabling all the minute variations in its action to be appreciated, gives most valuable information as to what some piece of machinery is really doing. For it is fair to say, that we know little of the minute phases of the action of many 297