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EDUCATIONAL FILMS— TYPES AND USES 17
the cheaper slide, and can be held on the screen much longer for observation. Some educators go so far as to say that no titles should be printed on the motion picture film, as these call for no action. Titles can be thrown on the screen with a stereopticon and slides. * One can agree in a general way with the obvious principle that only action should be shown with motion pictures, but this general agreement should admit of many exceptions. Quite frequently convenience outweighs expense, in the use of many electrical appliances and various business practices. When a motion picture of a moving railroad train engages the attention, and a striking bit of scenery is in the vicinity, the audience is in a mental state to appreciate the scene as it flashes on immediately after the motion, -and this heightened state of attention far outweighs the saving effected by waiting until the whole exhibition is over to show slides, or stopping the film and switchng on the stereopticon slide. ' 6 Stills " frequently relate to bits of action that justify a motion picture presentation. In the mountain view, floating clouds increase the beauty and heighten the effect of reality, as does a distant bird flying, or a burro climbing a mountain pass.f
* "Subject matter should not be included in educational films which is not primarily the representation of motion or action." — Freeman.
t "In this connection let us refer to the quotation previously made that 'Of still objects like the Capitol at Washington, a banana tree, the Panama Canal, etc., a more comprehensive view may be obtained from still than from moving pictures.' The broad assumption is made that all of these are still objects. This is wrong. The banana tree is growing and yielding its harvest to the native fruit gatherers, the Panama Canal with its locks opening and closing, the water within them lowering and raising and sending thousands of ships on their way, are very far from still objects. The visual educator should distinguish in recommending the still picture in preference to the cine