Optic projection : principles, installation and use of the magic lantern, projection microscope, reflecting lantern, moving picture machine (1914)

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INTRODUCTION IN THE following pages, Projection Apparatus of various forms and with various sources of light have been considered from a three-fold standpoint: (1) The standpoint of the actual user of the apparatus. (2) The standpoint of the manufacturer. (3) The standpoint of the student for whom an understanding of the principles involved is of fundamental importance. From the first and second standpoints simple "rule of thumb" would answer, and in many cases has answered to bring about fairly good results. For example, the toy magic lanterns so much in evidence at Christmas time, are almost exact copies of the first magic lantern shown by Walgenstein in 1665. The only striking difference is that instead of a candle or lamp without a chimney such as he used, there is now a small petroleum lamp with a glass chimney. But for adapting projection apparatus to new conditions and applying it to new uses with the greatest efficiency, the user and the manufacturer must comprehend the fundamental optical and mechanical principles involved. In a word, to make good projection apparatus and to produce good projection in the different fields, the manufacturer and the user must know the principles, and then they must build and must use the apparatus in accordance with those principles. Besides the optical and mechanical principles involved in the apparatus, it seems to the authors that the physiology of vision should have prime consideration, because, after all, it is not only the possibility of producing a brilliant screen image that must be thought of, but also the possibility that the observer get a satisfactory impression of that image. With the magic lantern and arc light it is very easy to get screen images as brilliant as daylight scenes in nature. These brilliant images are best seen when the eyes of the observers are adapted to daylight vision. If now, as is