Optic projection : principles, installation and use of the magic lantern, projection microscope, reflecting lantern, moving picture machine, fully illustrated with plates and with over 400 text-figures (1914)

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CH. XV] DEMONSTRATING REFRACTIVE EYE DEFECTS 665 FIG. 391-392. RADIAL LINES IN BLACK AND WHITE FOR DETERMINING THE PRESENCE OF ASTIGMATISM. A lantern slide of the radial lines is very desirable for the demonstrations on astigmatism. The black lines on a white ground have the advantage that the lantern slide is less liable to break than the white lines on a black ground (ยง 852). It will be noticed that, by contrast, the central white circle seems lighter than the white spaces between the radial lines. In like manner the central black circle seems blacker than the black spaces between the radial lines. These are optical illusions, for the white is uniform and so is the black. Now place the concave cylinder in front of the convex cylinder and make their axes parallel (fig. 390). All the lines will become sharp again. This is because the concave and the convex cylinders with their axes parallel just balance each other and then act like a piece of plane glass. To compare the effect of astigmatism on printed matter with its effect on the radial lines, remove the cylinders and focus sharply the lantern slide of the history of astigmatism, (fig. 393). Now add the 0.5 diopter convex cylinder and make the axis vertical. The horizontal lines in the print will be sharp, but the others blurred (fig. 394-395). Now rotate the cylinder until its axis is horizontal, and the vertical lines will be sharp and clear (fig. 396-397). It is to be noted that with these Gothic letters, it is easier to read the words when the vertical lines are clear, because vertical lines preponderate.