Optic projection : principles, installation and use of the magic lantern, projection microscope, reflecting lantern, moving picture machine, fully illustrated with plates and with over 400 text-figures (1914)

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BRIEF HISTORICAL SUMMARY In dealing with the historical development of projection three forms of apparatus must be considered: I. NATURAL CAMERA OBSCURA The formation of images in a dark place, the light from the brilliantly illuminated objects or scenes being admitted through a small opening, is a perfectly natural phenomenon and entirely independent of man's invention or control. This is represented by images of the sky with its clouds and the brilliant scenes of nature pictured on the walls of caves facing the scenes, and the images of the sun admitted through chinks between the leaves, etc. In rooms of man's construction such images are often seen if light enters through a chance hole in the right position. General Waterhouse, from his own observation, says it is a common occurrence in the bungalows of India, and the writers have often seen the same in America. *It was our intention when this work was undertaken to include a somewhat extended account of the discoveries and inventions relating to vision, including spectacles, general optics, and optical instruments, especially the telescope, the microscope and projection apparatus of all kinds. As the book has already exceeded its limit in size, this extended account must wait for a special work. We have thought it best, however, to add a brief summary of the more pertinent points, and a historical bibliography which will put those interested on track of the special and early sources of information. Our appreciation is great for the aid we have received from many sources. First of all to the Library of Cornell University for its magnificent collection of works bearing on the history of science, for the purchase of rare and costly works, and for the trouble taken to borrow from other libraries, rare works for our use. Among the other libraries drawn upon we mention in the first place that of the Surgeon General's Office in Washington, D. C. Those of Columbia, Chicago, Harvard and the University of Pennsylvania also loaned us many works. Among the individuals who gave us special aid are: Professor George L. Burr, for securing the portrait of Scheiner, (fig. 407). Professor E. Lavasseur of the College of France who supplied the photograph for the portrait of Marey (fig. 412). Mr. Augustus J. Loos of Philadelphia for securing information concerning the Langenheim brothers who were the first to make photographic lantern slides by the albumen process (1850). Mr. Edward Pennock of Philadelphia for putting us in communication with Mr. C. W. Briggs of that city. Mr. Briggs gave us much valuable information concerning his father, Dr. Daniel H. Briggs, who made the first photographic lantern slides by the collodion process (1851-1852). Effie Alberta Read, Ph.D., M.D., for looking up references and verifying quotations in the libraries of Washington, D. C. Theodore Stanton for aid in securing the photograph of Marey, (fig. 412). And finally to Dr. A. C. White of the Cornell University Library for translations from the Greek and Latin works of the old writers, in which some of the earliest information on our subject is to be found. 673