Richardson's handbook of projection (1930)

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1012 HANDBOOK OF PROJECTION FOR To maintain synchronism you may insert seven frames of blank (opaque) film such as is used for leaders and trailers, but be certain you have exactly the right length. The best way is to lay out a space on the edge of the work bench or rewind table, with a suitable mark every three-fourths of an inch. You then, beginning at one end, place a number between each pair of marks, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. With this lay-out you have only to count the number of frames that have been cut out, lay your blank film with one end at the end of the lay-out — the end marked "1," and cut of the right length, plus the %" necessary for the splice end, and splice it into the print. You thus will have a break in the action and a blank screen for a space of time equal to l/18th of a second for each frame cut out, but you will have reestablished correct sound synchronism, which is far more important than the black-for-an-instant screen. Of course you will understand that if the last footage number was, for example, 287 and the next one 289 (except in cases where, as before noted, the footage number is omitted), you will know the break has taken out one footage number, and you must take the correct number of frames between 287 and the next remaining one as your guide for the number of frames missing. In any event your blank film must be equal in length to the missing frames if you wish to reestablish perfect synchronism between action and sound.