The sciopticon manual, explaining lantern projection in general, and the sciopticon apparatus in paricular (1877)

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BCIOPTICON MANUAL. 15 can publishers, Benerman & Wilson, Of course one may successfully operate the Sciopticon, or even excel in photography, without a critical knowledge of lenses; but a very short, connected showing of their properties, with diagrams, will doubtless prove acceptable to many who use the Sciopticon, or who are interested in pho- tography. THE FORM OF LENSES. The convex, or converging lenses. 1, 2, and 3 (Fig. 5), called biconvex, plano-convex, and meniscus, are thicker Fig. 5. in the centre than on the margin. The concave, or dis- persing lenses, 4,5, and 6, called biconcave, plano-concave, and concavo-convex, are thinner in the centre than on the margin. A line through the centre of these lenses, from side to side, would show the axis of each lens. PENCILS OF RATS AND THEIR ILLUSTRATIONS. A pencil of rays considered in reference to its direction and the points in the image which it illuminates, may be represented by a simple straight line, as in Fig. 1 ; but in most cases, when the action of lenses on its rays is considered, it must be shown as a bundle of rays, as in Fig. 4. The pencil in Fig. 6 differs from df in Fig. 4, in having middle rays represented as well as marginal, and