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64 IV. MAKING 16-MM ORIGINALS
grain reduction and speed will not only earn the blessings of a longsuffering professional market by reopening wide fields of usefulness, but should also find it profitable. All finer grained reversal emulsions today of the high-contrast type.
When reversal films were first marketed, their users were almost entirely amateurs. Since many of the amateur films received by the manufacturer's laboratory for development were underexposed, it was felt that a sacrifice of gradation for the sake of photographic speed was well justified. At the time the "Old Type Superpan" was withdrawn from the market, the number of professional users of 16-mm film was quite small compared with other users. The vocal complaints received from casual amateurs concerning the absence of "snap" (contrast) were impressive in number and effectively drowned out the more studied praises of a relatively small body of quality-conscious amateur and professional users.
With only high-contrast reversal materials left on the market, it was necessary for the serious amateur and professional photographers to reduce materially the lighting contrast customarily used for studio photogaphing with 35-mm negative. To avoid production difficulties, laboratories recommend flat lighting with high-light to low-light ratios in the photographed scene no greater than 3 or 4 to 1. Most reversal materials today are of the short-scale, high-contrast type.
Regular Type Reversal
Both Eastman and Ansco operate company-owned or contract processing stations to develop reversal film. These reversal films are somewhat different from negative ; not only is the emulsion slightly thicker, but a silver undercoating is used that remains on the film as a black scum when the film is developed as a negative, but which is removed during the bleaching operation when the film is developed as a reversal. A film intended for reversal developing that is not suitable for negative developing is called a regular reversal.
Universal Type Reversal
Since DuPont preferred to market film for developing by laboratories that were not company-owned or under company contract, the sale price of DuPont film ordinarily does not include developing. Accordingly, that firm found it advantageous to market film of the universal reversal type; this is designed for use either as a reversal or as a 16-mm negative.