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FILM LOSS 257
jectors with the very best commercial film processing control; it would seem hopeless for the poorest of present-day projectors and uncontrolled run-of-the-mill processing.
Manufacturers now build their latest equipment capable of recording a direct positive as well as a negative sound track, and of recording variable density as well as variable area. In the case of the Maurer machine these changes are made by merely turning a control knob or by moving a lever. By recording a direct positive it is possible to eliminate the losses attendant to the printing of an extra intermediate film. The arrangement of the optical system is quite similar to that already shown in Figure 60. The significant differences are : (1) the noiseless recording bias is reversed so that the maximum exposure width is provided when no modulation is present and (2) an inverted mask wider than the negative mask is used; the maximum width is about 0.080 in. rather than the negative width of 0.060 in. Modulation occurs, however, only to a maximum of 0.060 in. in accordance with current standards.
At present there are two common forms of variable-area sound track in commercial use, bilateral variable area, as used in Maurer equipment and obtained by applying the noiseless recording bias current to the mirror galvanometer armature, and duplex variable area, as used in earlier RCA equipment and obtained by applying the noiseless recording bias current to a pair of shutters cooperating with the galvanometer in limiting the width of the light beam transmitted by the recording machine optical system to the film. Recent RCA recorders are returning to the biased galvanometer arrangement.
Up to the present there has been no serious attempt to use push-pull either on 16-mm film or on 35-mm film for release purposes. Although 16-mm push-pull sound tracks are not used commercially despite the fact that 35-mm push-pull sound tracks have been in use for about a decade in Hollywood for making original sound tracks that are later used for re-recording in Hollywood studios, it cannot be safely said that 16-mm direct positive push-pull recording will never be made. The demands for improved quality in 16-mm sound are ever growing and whether 16-mm direct positive push-pull sound tracks come into wide use may depend upon how forcibly those demands are made.
A push-pull sound track is a sound track in which there is a septum dividing two parts that are equal in width; these parts record the signal in opposite phase to one another. As in amplifier classifications, there are class B sound tracks and Class A-B sound tracks. In class B, compression waves are recorded upon one half, and rare