16-mm sound motion pictures : a manual for the professional and the amateur (1953)

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SOUND PROJECTION AND THE AUDIENCE 485 of cases the screen chosen is entirely too large for the projector. In other cases, improvement can be made by making certain that the terminal voltage of the lamp is in strict accordance with the lamp voltage rating. Projection lamps can be obtained in rated voltages from 105 to 130 in 5-v. steps; it is very desirable that the correct lamp be nsed in all projection, especially in the projection of color film. Should the screen brightness level drop below 6 ft.-lamberts, the cause should be determined and the condition corrected. The recommended value of 10 ft.-lamberts should not be considered inflexible. Some films may warrant a somewhat higher value because the prints are dense, while others may warrant a somewhat lower value because the prints are light. Many prints are made light intentionally to attempt to compensate in some degree for the poor screen brightness of the projector ; such prints are poor in pictorial quality in that much of the shadow detail is lost. If some degree of deviation is unavoidable, it is preferable that it shall be in the direction of greater rather than lesser screen brightness. Sound Projection and the Audience The selection of a loudspeaker that is best suited to 16-mm sound projection at a reasonable price is not a very simple matter. Unfortunately, too, the problem has been underestimated by projector manufacturers; the loudspeaker too often appears as an afterthought rather than a performance-integrated part of the machine. In extreme cases it almost appears as if performance is completely subordinated to low price. Good sound reproduction involves two major characteristics: the volume of the sound, and its clarity and freedom from distortion. "With a good film on a good machine, the volume can be controlled by the volume control ; the quality or tonal balance by means of the tone control. Both are partly dependent upon the acoustical conditions of the room or projection space. The volume of sound needed for most comfortable and satisfactory reproduction depends upon several factors other than room size. One of the most important is the reverberation characteristics of the room, which are dependent to a considerable degree upon the amount and the kind of sound-absorbing material present. A room in which the walls, ceiling, and floor are all of hard materials (cement, plaster, or wood) requires relatively little sound energy from the loudspeaker to produce a loud effect. A particular sound being reflected