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502 XIV. DUPLICATION OF TRI-PACK COLOE FILMS
amateur. Kodachrome — introduced in 1935 — is the most widely used 16-mm motion picture color film. It was made simple for the user despite the fact that it was complex in manufacture and in processing. When it was first introduced the developing process included approximately 30 stages, each of which required precise control. The process worked well ; amateurs and others bought film, exposed it in their cameras, and projected the results in color. Kodachrome is a 3-color sub tractive reversal film.
To an operator of a commercial film laboratory, the requirement that a particular piece of film must go through about 30 control stages automatically brought the reaction "I'm glad that it is the manufacturer's problem and not mine." In black-and-white commercial laboratory work we still seem to have considerable difficulty today with but a fraction of that number of control stages.
It was logical to expect the Eastman Kodak Company to simplify such a complex developing process in order to cut operation costs and to reduce the risks of damage during processing. Such simplifications had to be introduced while commercial film was being processed daily; if the customer were to be aware of the difference at all, he should observe it as an improvement. Obviously, something in the process had to be "tied down." It is fair to say that the average user was not aware that changes in the process were constantly being made ; yet there were unmistakable signs that Kodachrome was improving. There was close control of emulsion manufacture and of color developing as well as coordination between them. The selling price of the raw film included the developing cost; there was little opportunity on the part of the manufacturer's laboratory to "pass the buck." (No commercial laboratory attempted to color-develop Kodachrome; no such laboratory, regardless of its personnel and equipment, could ever hope to operate at a profit under such strict control requirements especially since the developing cost was already included in the price of the raw film and when the process itself was in a "fluid" state.)
When Kodachrome first made its appearance, it was logical to expect that attempts would be made to duplicate it. In the earliest stages, duplication was little more than placing Type A raw film in a contact printer with the original picture and then snapping the switch. The printed film was hopefully shipped to Rochester; occasionally, a commercially usable developed roll would return. Oftentimes, there was an apologetic letter together with a new roll of raw film.
When commercially usable films started to return from Rochester a