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16-MM COLOE METHODS 505
problem is really a knotty one and will require considerable further thought before it is satisfactorily solved in terms of the high resolving power of 90 lines per millimeter required of projection lenses. It may well turn out that the major part of the 16-mm color film market will be initially awarded to the film manufacturer whose product delivers outstanding sound quality as the color problems for the picture seem less difficult to solve.
The third and very serious imponderable is picture detail. The loss in detail in a very well-made Kodachrome or AnscoColor duplicate is excessive when we think in terms of lenses with resolving power of 90 lines per millimeter used on a projector with 50 amp. on the arc throwing light upon a 15-ft. screen. Low resolving power is inherent in multilayer films, as it is necessary that relatively fast individual emulsions be used for even a slow-speed final product. Bruno reports an immediately available increase from 40 to 55 lines per millimeter if certain sacrifices are made in color rendition. In the making of duplicates, Bruno further reports that the number of filters used in printing will have to be kept to a minimum since there is evidence of considerable loss of resolution (about 10%) for every filter introduced in an imaging optical system.*
The fourth and final imponderable is the competitive position of imbibition printing. (Technicolor is an example.) Where the number of prints in an order runs to 500 or more, imbibition printing should show some very generous profits at present duplicate bulk price. An additional factor in its favor is that the resolving power problem does not loom so large when compared with integral tri-packs. Laboratories that duplicate Kodachrome have experienced 500-print orders, and it is likely that they will fight hard to boost quality as imbibition color printing enters the field as a strong and able competitor.
The foregoing and other marketing factors seem to point to the conclusion that 16-mm color-sound printing will probably become competitive in quality and price at the same time. Because of the importance of production methods and their influence on production costs, some notes upon the present Kodachrome duplicating techniques are indicated.
* The Wratten gelatin niters supplied by the Eastman Kodak Company for color printing are considered "optically inert" and do not introduce losses as serious as the more permanent glass filters. They are, however, somewhat unstable when subjected to heat and must be checked periodically when they are used in commercial duplicating. The loss in resolution caused by a particular filter in an imaging system varies quite widely when used in different parts of an optical system. Barring heating and similar deteriorating effects, correction filters are best used over the light source since it is here that they introduce minimum loss in resolution.