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508 XIV. DUPLICATION OF TRI-PACK COLOR FILMS
the simplified Kodak procedure leaves something to be desired. A study of the process should explain the discrepancies.
Color Standardization. As a starting point, we have a standard called The Specification and Description of Color issued as American Standard Z44-1942 by the American Standards Association. Section 2.1 reads : "the spectrophotometer shall be recognized as the basic instrument in the fundamental standardization of color. ' ' A convenient instrument that is commercially available is the General Electric Recording Spectrophotometer. This instrument is widely used ; it is available in commercial testing laboratories such as Electrical Testing Laboratories in New York. Curves* shown in this chapter were taken on this instrument.
Gage has reviewed color measurement and sets forth some of the terms regularly used to describe the attributes of color. There is a generous list of references at the end of the paper for those who are interested in the many scientific aspects of color.
No discussion of color standardization, however brief, can be considered complete without mention of the ICI Standard Observer and Coordinate System for Colorimetry. Color specifications prepared in accordance with this internationally accepted method can be computed from spectrophotometric data. Unless otherwise specified, standard ICI illuminant C (representative of average daylight) is assumed. Results of the computations are expressed in a table of three values for each wavelength in the spectrum. These data are then plotted as a curve for convenience. Owing to the computations required, this method of describing color is limited in its use ; for most purposes, curves taken by the recording spectrophotometer are preferred.
The Munsell Book of Color must also be mentioned as a catalog or atlas of color that is in wide use. This book is made up of a large number of color samples. The characteristics of many of these have been measured on the recording spectrophotometer and also translated into ICI terms. The colors in this book were used as a standard prior to 1931 at which time the ICI formulated the present system. The Munsell Book is still of real value as a reference not only because of the great variety of colors included, but also because of the uniformity and the permanence of the materials used for them.t
* Furnished through the courtesy of Dr. J. L. Michaelson of General Engineering Laboratory of General Electric at Schenectady.
t The Ridgway color standards (1912) are of considerable interest to naturalists, botanists, and biologists. Unfortunately, many of the reference color chips fade.