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522 XV. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
duced of the misguided extravaganza variety that are far better suited to entertainment than to business or to education.
It should be obvious that any communication medium is particularly fitted to specific classes of intelligence transmission; this principle applies no less to the film than to any other communication medium. As we review the films produced by education and those produced by business, we are struck with the similarity of the aims of the two fields and the dissimilarity of the films produced. "We are tempted to conclude, if a cryptic summary may be ventured, that business has produced much film and little theory as to how films should be made and used, whereas education has produced much theory and few films in accordance with the established theory. Since the aim of both films is to "put an idea across," it is reasonable for us to extrapolate the experience of one into the field of the other to the mutual benefit of both.
One of the simplest and best reports on the subject of films for educational purposes is that of the Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations, written in 1924. The findings of this Committee may be considered a reference standard through which the efficiency of instructional films may be gaged. The following is a resume of the report.
(1) Slides and motion pictures should be used for maximum effectiveness. As a general rule the use of these two adjuncts is not judiciously proportioned, one oftentimes being used to the complete exclusion of the other. We can no doubt agree that the conclusion of some twenty-five years ago is still a valid one today. Too many projects use but one medium to the complete exclusion of the other.
(2) All objects and scenes that the audience is intended to watch and remember in movement should be shown in movement. Still pictures representing objects and scenes that ought to be seen in movement should be banned as giving a distorted impression of the actual facts. While our films are improving in this regard, we still find countless instances where we photograph stationary objects with a motion picture camera and moving objects with a still camera.
A corollary that may reasonably be added at this point is that all objects and scenes that the audience is intended to watch and remember in sound should be shown in sound. Silent pictures representing objects and scenes that ought to be heard in sound should be banned as giving a distorted impression of the actual facts.
(3) The screen cannot displace the personal element; it can to some