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534 XVI. TELEVISION AND FILM
far outstripped that for entertainment purposes, reversing the situation that had existed in the industry since its birth. The change appears permanent ; 16-mm is now considered symbolic of a new and rapidly growing industry. And now the voracious appetite of 16-mm for raw stock has been still further whetted by the wants of the television industry, which, according to some interested persons, may eventually consume more raw stock than entertainment films and to require much more program material* each year than all Hollywood films produced !
Technologically, television has represented a continuous uphill fight to overcome obstacles that at any particular moment seemed difficult if not impossible of solution. As each such obstacle was reached, a solution was found making the obstacle less important; the effect of the advance is to transfer interest to the next item as the " bottleneck" to be overcome. Progress has been very costly and slow, yet progress is definitely being made. Much research is involved; television research like any other research activity means the investigation of very many projects that are unsuccessful in order to find a very few that are successful. Development is also very slow and very costly; fortunately, much of the development in radar equipment has been directly applicable to television uses. Thanks to radar development, the industry now knows how to build stable high-power, high-frequency transmitters with wide modulation bands, and stable amplifiers and timing circuits with long-life cathode-ray tubes that are capable of withstanding the intense electron beams necessary to produce high brightnesses without ' ' burning ' ' of the picture screen phosphors. War development also financed high-sensitivity camera pickup tubes such as the image orthicon which in today's designs show photographic speeds appreciably better than the ASA 100 speed rating of the fastest commercial films. The manufacturing and engineering branches of the industry have been quick to put these improved components to work in the equipment being developed for commercial use.
Television, like 16-mm motion pictures, suffers from a marked absence of performance standards for the material being transmitted. In sound, for example, the FCC requirements call for a frequency range extending to 15,000 cps, yet it is next to impossible to obtain useful output from a 16-mm commercial film above about 5000 cps or from a 35-mm commercial film above 7500 cps. Despite the known limitations of com
* NBC reports that it is currently producing an average of 700 hours of movies a year: this is greater than the 1948 movie industry output, which is reported as 369 feature films, or 550 hours.