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538 XVI. TELEVISION AND FILM
second; that frame frequency has been standardized internationally for sound films in both 35-mm and 16-mm.
Apertures and Shapes. The shape of the television frame is substantially the same as that of motion picture, since the standard aspect ratio (width-to-height ratio) is 4 to 3. Composition for television photographing should be little different from that for motion pictures if provision is made for a greater percentage of closeups than longshots. Ideally, it would seem that there should be a much higher percentage of closeups than found in the average 16-mm film.
Generally speaking, it is a good idea to compose pictures within the motion picture frame in such manner that most of the detail of interest is located farther from the edges of the picture than is customary for motion pictures. Although camera apertures and projector apertures have been standardized for 16-mm, this standardization does not carry over accurately when 16-mm films are transmitted by television.*
* A situation bordering on a minor technological chaos momentarily faces the unwitting television set buyer in the matter of the size and shape of the picture provided by the set that he proposes to buy. When he looks at competitive sets, it seems reasonable for him to assume that the one that he chooses will provide him with sub stantially all the picture image that is transmitted as a part of the standard signal The primary difference that he expects to find is a difference in picture size only manufacturers' and sales advertising makes him acutely conscious of the size differ ences (in terms of square inches) and the price differences of the competing receivers
Commercial sets presently marketed range from a directly viewed 3-inch tube to a projected image of about 18 by 24 inches; in the latter case the image is projected on a translucent screen. The number of projection receivers sold at present is still small relative to the directly-viewed tube type; prices are still too high for a very big market.
It is obvious that the manufacturers of sets providing small pictures are at a serious marketing disadvantage as the images are small, and the detail often seems noticeably poorer when viewed in the user's home. If the standard aspect ratio is to be adhered to, the maximum picture height is only 3/5 of the tube diameter, and the maximum picture width is only 4/5 of the tube diameter. Thus a receiver using a 5-inch tube can not provide a picture larger than 3 by 4 inches if the standard aspect ratio is retained.
In a number of smaller sizes (particularly for tube diameters of 10 inches and less), manufacturers have unwisely chosen to "cheat on the picture" by providing an arbitrarily selected image different from the standard. Five or more manufacturers, including Zenith, Garod, Hallicrafters, Tele-Tone, and Belmont, provide circular pictures ; in all of these the circle represents a circle of diameter smaller by some unknown amount than the smallest dimension of the transmitted image, namely, its height. Over 20 manufacturers (Philco, Scott, Andrea, Packard-Bell, Emerson, Olympic, Stromberg-Carlson, U.S. Televsion, etc.) provide "expanded" pictures — that cut