16-mm sound motion pictures : a manual for the professional and the amateur (1953)

548 APPENDIX A 1.3.2 Print from a Temporary Picture Dupe Negative. A print from a temporary picture dupe negative is a low-quality print made from the temporary picture dupe negative. 1.4 Image (Photographic). An image is any photographically obtained likeness on a film emul 1.5.2 Editorial Synchronism. Editorial synchronism is the relationship between the picture and sound film during the editorial processes. Note: During the editorial process, the sound track and corresponding picture, whether on the same or separate films, are kept in alignment and not offset as for projection. Thus, cutting a picture and sound can be a* simultaneous operation. Many composite release negatives are supplied in editorial synchronism. 1.4.1 Latent Image. A latent image is the invisible image registered on a photographic emulsion due to the reaction produced in the emulsion by exposure to light. Note: This image becomes visible after development. 1.4.2 Picture Image. A picture image is a photographically obtained likeness of any object on photographic film. 1.4.3 Sound Image. A sound image is a photographicallv obtained sound track or sound record. 1.5.3 Camera Synchronism. Camera synchronism is the relationship between picture and sound on an original composite negative. Note: Camera synchronism is generally not the same as projection synchronism and is never the same as editorial synchronism. The relationship between picture and sound may vary among different type cameras. 1.6 Exposure. Exposure is the process of subjecting a photographic film to any given intensity of light in such a manner that it may produce a latent image on the emulsion. 1.4.4 Negative Image. A negative image is a photographic image in which the values of light and shade of the original photographed subject are represented in inverse order. Note: in a negative image, light objects of the original subject are represented by high densities and dark objects are represented by low densities. 1.4.5 Positive Image. A positive image is a photographic replica in which the values of light and shade of the original photographed subject are represented in their natural order. Note: In a positive image, the light objects of the original subject are represented by low densities and the dark objects are represented by high densities. 1.7 Development. Development is the process of treating an exposed photographic emulsion to make the latent image visible. Note: This term is sometimes incorrectly used in the trade, to include both fixation and washing of the developed image and drying of the film. The cqrrect term for these operations as a group is processing. 1.7.1 Fixing (Fixation). Fixing (fixation! is the process of removing the residual sensitive silver halides from a developed film to render the developed image permanent. Note: During the process of fixation, films are customarily treated to preserve and harden the developed image. 1.5 Synchronism. Synchronism is the relation between the picture and sound films with respect either to the physical location on the film or films, or to the time at which corresponding picture and sound are seen and heard. 1.5.1 Projection Synchronism. Projection synchronism is the time relation between picture and corresponding sound in a projection print. Note: Correct projection synchronism is indicated by exact coincidence of picture and sound as seen and heard. To attain this result, it is necessary to place the sound track 20 frames ahead of the center of the corresponding picture for 35-mm film and 26 frames ahead of the center of the corresponding picture for 16-mm film, since sound motion picture projection equipment is designed for projection synchronism with this relationship existing between the locations of the projected picture and corresponding sound. 1.8 Printing. Printing is the process of exposing raw stock by using the image of another film as the light modulator. Note: Through printing, one may produce a positive print from a negative film; a negative film from a positive film; or, if the reversal process is employed, printing may be used to produce positives from positives or negatives from negatives. When the verb "to print" is used, any of the above processes may be implied. 1.8.1 Contact Printing. Contact printing is that method of printing in which the raw stock is held in intimate contact with the film bearing the image to be copied. 1.8.2 Projection Printing (Optical Printing). Projection printing (optical printing) is