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4 I. 16-MM FILM AND ITS RELATION TO OTHER SIZES
arbitrarily selected at 16 millimeters. It was not until about 1923, however, that the big step in making films really suitable for the amateur was made when the. Eastman Kodak Company introduced reversal film on the 16-mm market. Prior to that time, all motion pictures — whether 35mm or 16-mm — required two strips of raw film to produce the single strip used in the projector. When developed, the exposed original film provided a negative image that was dark in the bright portions of the scene and light in the dark portions. In order to obtain a positive image suitable for projection a copy had to be made on a second strip of film, with the bright portions of the scene being light and the dark portions dark. The process is quite similar to that used for film from simple still cameras.
Reversal Film. Obviously, if the original film could be developed directly into a positive image suitable for projection, the amount of raw film required would be cut in half, and the printing and the second developing operations eliminated. Reversal film processing accomplishes just this, and is today used almost exclusively for black-and-white original film of 16 millimeters and all lesser widths. This type of film is still unknown as original film in the 35-millimeter width ; all such original film is negative — just as it was some fifty years ago when motion pictures were born.
Common Film Sizes
As time passed, attempts were made to broaden the market by reducing the cost of amateur motion pictures still further. In the United States, 8-mm film provided the answer; it was first introduced by Eastman Kodak in about 1934. 17.5-mm, made by splitting 35-mm in two, found a few specialized uses; original sound recording for Hollywood films was one example.
In France, 9.5-mm film had been introduced somewhat earlier, being used quite widely for educational as well as amateur purposes, and proving a strong competitor of 16-mm in popularity. Later, 9.5-mm equipment and films were imported into England, but have become of lesser importance since the fall of France in the early part of World War II. Since 9.5-mm did not make headway in the United States, it is unlikely that it will become a major factor now that World War II is over. Only 35-mm, 16-mm, and 8-mm need be given serious consideration for the future, since any other possible film width subsequently proposed for standardization will need a very strong case for adoption before it can be seriously considered.