We use Optical Character Recognition (OCR) during our scanning and processing workflow to make the content of each page searchable. You can view the automatically generated text below as well as copy and paste individual pieces of text to quote in your own work.
Text recognition is never 100% accurate. Many parts of the scanned page may not be reflected in the OCR text output, including: images, page layout, certain fonts or handwriting.
36 III. 16-MM FILM AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS
(£) An increase in processing temperature above normal — graininess increases very rapidly with even small increases in developer temperature.
Much research has been clone by Eastman Kodak and DuPont in recent years to find new emulsions of physical and sensitometric characteristics suited to high-speed (developing time less than 1 minute) and high temperature (about 120° F.) processing. It is expected that the same general considerations will hold among new materials that may be evolved despite the fact that the new emulsions have to function under conditions of greatly accelerated chemical activity.
When a process has a negative-positive step as is the case in making black-and-white release prints from a release dupe negative printed from a reversal original, it is possible to reduce release print graininess materially without change of picture contrast by reducing the development gamma of the dupe negative and increasing the development gamma of the release print; the different and (not too well understood) graininess vs. gamma characteristics of negative and positive materials provide the opportunity. Although graininess in a negative over small ranges of gamma change increases somewhat linearly when negative gamma is increased, graininess in a positive quickly reaches a "plateau" value at a relatively low positive gamma and there is very little increase in graininess with increase in gamma beyond the point at which the plateau is reached. It is therefore possible to increase the positive gamma materially without sensible graininess increase, and to offset the gamma increase in the print by a corresponding reduction in dupe negative gamma to obtain a material reduction in graininess of the dupe negative. Surprising improvements in release print quality are obtainable in this manner. Incidentally, there is considerable variation in the graininessgamma characteristics of different developer solutions; the appearance of developed silver grains as viewed under a microscope varies according to the developer used.
Graininess is a subjective effect; to a great extent it results from the nonuniformity of distribution* of the emulsion grains. Projected pic
* Within the last decade, a very large part of the improvement in the graininess characteristics of negative and other films has been effected not so much by a reduction of the size of the average grain, but by improving the grain size distribution characteristics, making them approach more accurately a normal probability distribu tion of size rather than a skewed distribution as was common in earlier emulsions. Much undisclosed progress has already been made in the application of ultrasonics and like modern methods to effect the very real improvement that has already occurred, and still further progress can be expected in the future.