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RESOLVING POWER 39
attention to the standardization of resolving power measurements from the user's standpoint. Manufacturers evaluate different materials in different ways ; as the testing of film by a manufacturer may be considered part of the manufacturing process, it is of no interest per se to the user. But the application of the film in such a manner as to obtain the largest percentage of its quality potential at minimum cost is of unquestioned interest to users. The absence of "utilization efficiency" has for a long time given rise to inexcusable economic waste in the film industry. There are few large fabricating industries within the United States that know as little about their raw materials as the film utilization industry.
16-mm sound films are used for two primary purposes: the reproduction of picture and the reproduction of sound. Both are evaluated by an audience from the user's standpoint when a release print is projected. There should be available means of evaluating the performance of a film with respect to its reproduction capabilities before it reaches the final testing ground of projection before an audience. The methods should be standardized through the American Standards Association even though they may be empirical, and even though use may indicate a need for modifying them as more experience is gained in measurement.
As a beginning, there would seem to be need for two different evaluations— one for picture and one for sound. A single visual method might be agreed upon for picture evaluation; this might follow the general methods used by film manufacturers with such modifications as will make them practicable for use with a minimum of specialized apparatus, testing conditions, and personnel. For evaluating the sound film, a different test might be applicable ; this would take into account the greater collimation of the illumination, and the linear response of the photoelectric cell, and might even take into account the movement of the film. (During projection of the picture, the picture image is ordinarily stationary in the projector aperture.) The sound evaluation might take the form of a sound optical system ; a simple evaluation means is sorely needed for comparing the performance of black-and-white with other films such as color integral tri-packs.
In copying films it should be remembered that every photographic step has a significant copying loss. The cumulative effect of these losses is considerable ; the loss in each step should be reduced to a minimum by the use of the raw film with the very best resolving power characteristics obtainable under the conditions of application. The importance of re