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CHAPTER V
Dimensions and Standards in 16-Mm
Introduction
The work of pioneers in any engineering field leaves behind ineradicable evidences of many of the early solutions to the various design problems encountered by these pioneers. Time usually tends to minimize the magnitude and extent of the difficulties faced by the pioneers that are taken for granted by later designers. The 16-mm motion picture is no exception in this broad generalization.
Fifty years ago at about the same time that Edison was working on the motion picture in the United States, Lumiere was working on it in France. In Lumiere 's early film (35-mm in width) the sprocket hole arrangement was far simpler than that of Edison. At either side of the center of each photographed frame Lumiere provided a single circular hole by which the film was registered and propelled in the projector. Years later when 16-mm film was first made in the LTnited States, one sprocket hole per frame was provided along each edge of the film for registration and propulsion. The significant changes of the 16-mm film compared with Lumiere 's film were in the shape of the perforation (rectangular with rounded corners) and in the location of the sprocket hole (equidistant vertically between two adjacent photographed frames). The silent 16-mm film of today is made in just that manner.
Both 35-mm and 16-mm films have been formally standardized dimensionally through an international standards organization. Component groups keep the international organization continuously informed of all changes in national standards made or contemplated. Such international cooperation makes world-wide acceptance and use of motion pictures possible.
Film Dimensions
When sound was added to 16-mm film in 1930-1931 it was decided that no essential dimensional differences between cameras made for silent films and those For sound films were necessary if the sound track could be accommodated by omitting one of the two rows of sprocket holes. 16-mm sound films made throughout the world today are now made in
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