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134 VI. EMULSION POSITION
ing light in contact with the emulsion of the developed negative. When the developed print is threaded in a 35-mm projector, the emulsion on the print is on the side opposite that of the negative, and therefore the emulsion of the print faces the light source of the projector. This emulsion position is called the 35-mm standard emulsion position. When 35-mm film is used, its application, so far as emulsion position is concerned, is quite simple. All original 35-mm black-and-white picture is taken as negative, and all prints are made by contact-printing or the equivalent upon positive raw film. Despite the rapid and continued growth of the industry — including, even, the introduction of sound and color — the 35-mm medium still remains a typically negative-positive medium just as it has been for some forty years or more. Where optical printing and other special processes have been used with 35-mm film as in Technicolor, for example, all these have been so designed and arranged as to conform with the requirements of negative-positive handling.
American and international standards recognize the 35-mm standard emulsion position as the one and only emulsion position to be used in 35-mm release prints. Once a projector has been installed in a theater and adjusted to give the proper size picture, and to scan the sound track in proper manner, no further adjustment is required except for maintenance. Almost any 35-mm film received for projection — regardless of whether it is in color or in black and white — will automatically be in proper focus for both the picture and the sound ; there are very few nonstandard emulsion position 35-mm films released for commercial use.
Since negative-positive processing always has been the only processing generally available for 35-mm, it was only natural that the jargon of the industry would take acount of that fact. It is not uncommon, therefore, for the terms "original" and "negative" to be used interchangeably in 35-mm "slang." Many who are beginning to work in both the 16-mm and the 35-mm media after having worked previously only in the 35-mm medium, attempt to carry over the interchangeability of terms to 16-mm even when the use in that manner is definitely in error.
Early History of 16-Mm Reversal Film
In about 1924, the Eastman Kodak Company first marketed 16-mm reversal film. To encourage amateur movie making, it was necessary to reduce the cost of the product to the user by eliminating if possible the second piece of film, the print, that was formerly needed for projection Previously all 16-mm film had been negative-positive.