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156 VII. CAMERAS, CAMERA EQUIPMENT, CINEMATOGRAPHY
rapid shifting of lenses and of the rapid changing of the finder adjustments to match is therefore especially important when only a single camera is available.
Other Camera Features
Cameras may have a number of other features, important or otherwise, depending upon just what is to be photographed.
(9) Provision for numerous speeds: 8, 16, 24, 32, and 64 frames per second. A note of warning should be sounded ; many cameras do not provide the 24 f rames-persecond speed. 16, 32, and 64 frames per second is a common combination of speeds.
(10) Provision for single-frame exposure — either with mechanically controlled exposure time and/or by hand cranking from a one-frame-per-turn camera shaft.
(11) Provision of an eight-frames-per-turn shaft.
(12) Provision for film wind-back (for producing certain effects in the camera). Either manually adjustable, automatic, or both, shutter aperture arrangements are customarily also available. (In some cases, provision is also made for the insertion of a mask to cut out part of the camera field in order that the film may later be wound back and the unexposed portion of the field then exposed for the purpose of obtaining a desired split-field effect.)
(13) Provision for accurately matching the field of the viewfinder and its location to the field of the camera lens in use. (Oftentimes the finder matches the field of view of a single lens and does not match others. In cases where lenses of longer focal length are used, masking the finder field makes an already small viewing field so very small that it is of very little value in observing and following action.) Should the release print be projected, let us say, on a 12-ft. screen, it would be necessary for the cameraman to focus the original picture accurately enough to assure him that the picture, when so projected, will not be even slightly fuzzy or indistinct when vieAved by anyone in the audience. This would seem to demand microscopic examination of the focus adjustment of the camera by some means, such as a viewing microscope, in addition to providing a viewfinder image of sufficiently large size for good and accurate composition.
Design of Cameras
It should be obvious that a camera should leave no% scratch marks on a film that has been run through it for photographing. Most of the better-grade cameras are provided with an aperture plate of ground and very highly polished stainless steel, others use a very smooth and highly polished chromium plating over the support metal of which the aperture plate is made. All points in the film paths where the film touches a part of the camera mechanism are highly polished, in order to avoid any possibility of scratching the image-carrying areas of the film. Generally speaking, aperture plates, guides, sprockets, rollers, and other parts of the film transport mechanism are relieved so that no part of the image area of the film comes into physical contact with the camera