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166 VII. CAMERAS, CAMERA EQUIPMENT, CINEMATOGRAPHY
by clapping together once a pair of hinged sticks, called clap sticks. The scene can be set for synchronism by matching up the picture frame showing the meeting of the sticks with the sound track at the point where the noise of the sticks is recorded. With synchronous motors, the scene is in correct synchronism from that point onward.
Another synchronizing method is to flash bloop lights. A bloop light is a small lamp located within a camera or a sound-recording machine that exposes the film on the outside of the sprocket holes when the bloop light button is momentarily pressed. The sound film and the camera film are then matched up as with clap stick marks.
If sound is "post recorded" or "scored," there is no need to run the camera simultaneously with the sound recorder. "Post recording" is the adding of sound after the picture has been photographed, processed, and edited. Sound for this purpose usually takes the form of a speech commentary that explains or is otherwise related to the action portrayed ; such sound may include effects or music if appropriate to the subject matter of the film.
Sound is recorded photographically; although there are other methods of recording sound with good quality, photographic recording and reproducing will no doubt continue to be the primary source of sound for composite 16-mm release prints.
Post-recorded sound is usually prepared from a sound script. After the picture has been edited into its final form, a detailed shot list is prepared ; this is merely a list that shows the footage and frames reading of a footage counter from the start of the picture to the start of each scene, together with a description of the scene (see Chapter X). With information concerning the subject matter and this shot list, a sound script is prepared, with time cues indicating exactly when the first word describing each scene is to be spoken. With such a script, scoring can then be accomplished by reading the script, cueing each sentence or paragraph with a stop watch.
Cinematography
In the broad sense, cinematography may be said to include not only the mere placing of an image upon the film in the best possible physical manner, but also with the best possible composition, lighting, movement of the subjects within the film frame, and with the best possible relationships between the subject matter to be photographed and the manner of