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172 VIII. SOUND, SOUND RECORDING, AND CHARACTERISTICS
of the first production run or whether the first and, say, the 1000th are being compared. This is readily accomplished with adequate planning and knowledge ; Walt Disney has re-issued Fantasia to the theaters several times after intervals of several years. The picture and sound quality is not noticeably deteriorated from what it was the first time it appeared on theater screens some years ago. With reasonable care in preservation of the originals and masters, there would seem to be little reason why Disney should not release Fantasia again and again after suitable time periods. Unfortunately, with most 16-mm subjects and with most nontheatrical 35-mm subjects, it has not been uncommon for two prints of the same subject made at different times to bear little if any relation to one another in sound quality. In many such cases, a glaring lack of planning of the print manufacturing process and its coordination with the requirements of storage, preservation, circulation. and exhibition is all too evident. Too often not only the losses in each transfer step are unknown, but also the number of steps between the edited original film and the particular release print is likewise unknown. As the quality of the final product — the release print — depends upon the quality of the sound original and upon the accumulated quality degradations of all steps between the edited original and the release print, it is not surprising that a particular release print is often unsatisfactory when projected upon an unknown specific machine before an audience in an unknown auditorium or viewing space. All of the components of the complete system from the very beginning through the very end affect or degrade the quality of the sound heard by the audience. The over-all characteristics of the complete chain are the characteristics that control the final result ; the achievement of any particular characteristic in the system must take into account all parts of the system.
Before a discussion of the individual elements of the complete recording system can be undertaken, there must be an evaluation of the desired over-all sytem characteristic. A reasonable starting point is the required frequency range.
General Requirements as to Frequency Range. Hearing Perception
The requirements with regard to frequency range are determined by the perception range of the listeners. It is only in recent years that sufficient data have been collected from which statistical studies could be made to define the response-frequency range for an average listener and