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192 VIII. SOUND, SOUND RECORDING, AND CHARACTERISTICS
high frequencies occurs because the light beam pencil that traces the sound waves on the film is not infinitely fine despite its unusual narrowness ; the loss is called slit loss. Distortion is also introduced by irregularities in the movement of the film past the exposing light beam; the result is a frequency and amplitude modulation of the recorded sound. Speed variations introduce flutter; slower speed variations are referred to as wows. Fortunately the sum total of distortion and noise introduced in a good recording machine — while noticeable — is not very serious.
The recording film has limited resolving power, and, in developing, both noise and distortion are introduced together with a loss of high frequencies, the latter being called film loss. Film developing also introduces noise; one important source is the dirt and other foreign matter found in all developing and fixing baths. Another important and oftentimes serious source is the dust carried in the drying air in the drybox of the developing machine.
From this point onward, every step increases noise and distortion as well as losses of high frequencies. Assuming that the original is a sound track negative from which a release print is to be made, the sound printer used will introduce noise, distortion and a loss of high frequencies; the latter is known as printer loss. The raw stock for the release print will introduce more noise and distortion and show a greater loss of high frequencies than the EK Code #5372 film used for making the sound track original. In developing the release print, noise, distortion, and a loss of high frequencies is to be expected once again. Transfer in this manner of the photographic image from the sound track original to the release print is called photographic transfer. Photographic transfer always results in a loss of high frequencies, and in an increase of noise and distortion. A serious increase in distortion can be expected unless considerable effort is expended in choosing the operating parameters of copy exposure and development to minimize the distortion increase by causing the photographic distortion occurring in the print to offset to some degree the distortion occurring in the negative. In the processing of variable-area film this is known as the distortion-cancelling technique.
Should we assume that the original was a direct positive, it would be preferable to re-record the original rather than to print it photographically. Electrical transfer steps such as re-recording are customarily arranged to alter the response-frequency characteristic in a desired manner (usually to offset high-frequency losses occurring in other transfer steps) ; this equalizing of the response-frequency characteristic is accom