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316 IX. SOUND-RECORDING EQUIPMENT AND ARRANGEMENT
prepared from the test should be compared directly with the monitor sound of the re-recording channel to indicate the losses encountered in production.
Technique of Sound Recording
When an event occurs that we wish to record, there are several conditions as yet unaccounted for that require consideration. The effectiveness of the compromises decided upon as a result of these conditions may "make or break" the final result despite the very best equipment, processing, film, and technical facilities.
One factor is that all 16-mm commercial sound recording is monaural or "single-eared" while all human hearing is binaural or "two-eared." The brain has the faculty of discriminating against noises that it chooses to disregard, and concentrating on sounds that it chooses to hear; this faculty is quite apart from the purely physical and physiological factors that are a result of the construction of the ears and their location in the head. Unconsciously, we turn our heads to discriminate against noise that originates in a direction different from that of the sound we choose to hear.
Conventional recording systems, being single-channel arrangements, do not provide the noise discrimination and the directional discrimination that is common to binaural hearing ; in effect they act somewhat in the manner of one useful ear and one plugged-up ear. With such systems, therefore, the twisting of the head does not provide the accustomed corrective effect bcause the extraneous noise originates (as far as the listener is concerned) from the identical point in space — the loudspeaker — as that of the sound of interest.
To correct this effect to some extent, it is essential to reduce extraneous sounds to a minimum. Directional microphones are used to limit the noise introduced into the recording channel. To limit the effect of the noise introduced by the remainder of the process, noise reduction, volume compression, etc. are used. Efforts are constantly being made to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of recording systems, since a particular level of noise in a conventional 16-mm reproducing system is much more disconcerting and attention-diverting than the same amount of noise experienced in natural listening.
Usually, a directional microphone should be used at a relatively short distance from the sound source. In this manner the greater portion of the sound reaching the microphone is received directly from the source with no reflection at all. The lesser and intentionally small portion of