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366 XII. PEOCESSING AND RELEASE PRINTING
through a developing machine, it is as good as developed; if it has started through a printer, it is as good as printed. In the former case it is not practicable to stop the machine to remove film that has started through ; in the latter, while it is less difficult, it is still impracticable. In either case, no laboratory manager will permit an interruption of that extent in his production schedule.
A discussion of film manufacturers' laboratories and their internal operations is beyond the scope of this book. Suffice it to say that they are customarily very efficient organizations with facilities at their command that are the envy of the independent commercial laboratory. That they are kept remarkably clean is evident in the cleanliness of the film that they return to the owner after processing.
Despite their excellent facilities, significant differences occur among presumably similar laboratories; smaller, yet important, differences occur from week to week for the same laboratory ; still smaller differences occur from day to day, and still smaller yet measurable and noticeable differences occur during a single day's run. The laboratory-to-laboratory differences can be observed by photographing a single test scene (with no change in view or other change during the scene), and sending a piece of this test scene to each of the laboratories in which you are interested. A single test does not mean very much, however, if the purpose is to accomplish control, since the magnitude and the character of the differences are, of course, independently variable.
Basic Functions of a Laboratory
Possibly the simplest way to determine what is needed in a laboratory is to trace the movement of film around a plant. The film is received in the receiving department where an entry is made in the plant records. The planning department determines just what shall be done and the manner in which it is to be done ; this is scheduled in accordance with the order placed by the customer and by the needs of the film. The preparation department handles the film itself, and makes certain that all identifying marks needed to accomplish the required work are provided on the film and that it has the necessary leaders, etc. ; this work closely follows the instructions of the planning department. The developing department develops the film ; the instructions of the film owner and the supplementary instructions of the planning department usually specify in writing just how the film is to be developed. If the film handled in the preparation department was a negative or other film to be printed, the