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FINE-GRAIN FILM AND ITS APPLICATION 433
nification at which 16-mm projectors operate in practice is appreciably greater than the magnification of 35-mm projectors, and dictates this need for greater care.
It should be remembered that the characteristics of human vision are such that normal eyes are accustomed to sharp and well-defined images ; the 16-mm film will perform its function most satisfactorily when the images provided by the film are comparable in sharpness with natural images. Today, we are using film materials with resolving power comparable to that of lenses of better grade 16-mm projectors, i.e., 80 lines per millimeter at the center. The trend in projection is toward lenses with still better definition. To keep pace, the resolving power of release print materials must be increased still further. Experimental films with 100-lines-per-millimeter resolving power were available in 1931 when we were using 50-lines-per-millimeter materials ; today 150-lines-per-millimeter materials are available now that we are using 90-lines-per-millimeter materials for release printing.
The technique of manufacture of the better materials is fairly well known. The problem is to prepare to process the material commercially, and to bring the price to lower levels, by making use of such materials the rule rather than the exception. This, it seems, is the next hurdle for the film manufacturers to overcome by providing less expensive materials, and for the progressive laboratories to overcome by adapting their methods to such materials.
There would seem to be little point to put forth a great amount of effort and go to great expense in the manufacture of fine-grain, dirt-free, raw film materials if their potentialities were not realized during subsequent processing. A very material quality loss due to loss of definition and an increase in dirt due to processing occurs when the average finegrain film is processed today. These factors should be under continual observation and control. Much can be learned if a short test strip, such as that recommended in American War Standard Z52.3-1944, is attached to every edited original for control purposes. If this test strip is printed through in every duplicating and copying process so that it not only appears on the release print but also on every intermediate film, it becomes possible to obtain a qualitative idea if not a quantitative one as to the magnitude of the quality losses at each copying step. The collection of such data and their proper interpretation is capable of revealing just where "process tightening up" is required, and by what amount it is practicable. The result of such quality inspection in control improvement