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DEFINITION 441
(7 | The motion picture projection program — which includes silent film as well as sound film. The primary need is for 16-mm. 35-mm is unsuitable because it is ordinarily hazardous, and the machines are bulky and complicated. 8-mm is rarely used except for locally produced films, since commercial teaching films are released almost entirely in the 16-mm size.
(8) Audio projection — which includes facilities for radio (conventional broadcast and frequency modulation . for playing disk and other records and transcriptions (78 rpm and 33 1/3 rpm* >. for making and playing back local recordings (disk, wire, magnetic tape. etc. I, and interconnection among classrooms such as in a centralized sound distribution system.
(5) Television projection — in color, and in black and white when such facilities become widely available commercially.
Xo attempt will be made in this chapter to go into detail with regard to the needs and functions of the eight media other than motion picture projection. Suffice it to say that all are specialized, and the integration of the apparatus and the functions into a minimum of apparatus and accessories is a study that requires and deserves much attention. The Committee on 16-Mm and 8-Mm Motion Pictures of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers is presently engaged with the problem of 16-mm film projection as a continuing matter and reports its findings on this subject from time to time. At present there is no technical or other responsible body that is charged with the responsibility of the integration and coordination of visual-audio aids into teaching programs in the manner in which the SMPE Committee is concerned with the 16-mm film projection problem.
Definition
A motion picture projector may be defined as a machine that appears to make images move when a suitable strip of film with a succession of suitable images is projected through it. Of course, the recorded images themselves do not move at all. but rather it is the eye of the observer that provides the illusion of movement when a succession of individually stationary images slightly different from one another is presented to the eye. Movement appears to occur because of the small differences from frame to frame along the film. Each individual frame must be clear and distinct and free from any trace of blur because it will be enlarged several hundred times when it is viewed. The film itself may be thought of merely as a series of sequential photographs spaced one twenty-fourth second apart if the film is projected at sound speed. A practical projector for this film does not merely project one frame after another; the projection cycle which will be described later is more involved so that
* And possibly 45 rpm.