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THE PI/OXOGRA M. 95 Navy, are shown in the sketch (Fig. 2). Electricity, however, performs many useful duties on shipboard besides lighting. The electric motor is rapidly taking the place of the auxiliary steam-engine, for pumping, hoisting, driving ventilating fans, steering, training guns, moving the turrets or armor- clads, etc. The advantages of thr Tic FIG. I. motor over the steam-engine for these pur- poses may be stated briefly as:— • (1) Occupying much less space for the . same power. (2) Giving out no heat, noise or dirt, and ^ requiring no skilled attendance. (3) Tttffilg nwny with the expensive neces- sity of running high-pressure steam and ex- haust pipes all over the ship. (4) Economy in cost of first installation and subsequent operation. (5) Greater ease of manipulation and control. The electric search-light enables steamers to enter difficult harl>ors at night with ease, while in foggy weather, it* rays, thrown directly overhead, reveal the position of the vessel to approaching vessels. The telephonff and electric c^U-bells con- nect the pilot-house and captain’s cabin • with every part of his ship. On board vessels of war, the electric gun- firing circuits indicate to the captain, in his conning tower, when every gun and torpedo is ready for firing, and enables him to fire them if he so desires. The electric counter tells the engineer how many revolutions hjs engines are making, while the electric an- nunciator, connected with the bridge, tells him to slow, stop or back his engines. Vessels at night, instead of burning rock- ets and lights, may signal each other miles away with their powerful search-lights; or, if they are close to each other, they may tele- graph by the Morse Code, using the flash- ing of incandescent lamps to denote the dots and dashes. - To see the mass of electrical apparatus on board a modern vessel is almost bewil- dering to the uninitiated, but the sailor and the officer have long since learned to ap- preciate fully their advantages, and to handle them intelligentlyr When a practical method i> discovered of converting the energy of coal into electrical energy direct, without the intervention of fig. 2. l>oiler and steam-engine (and such a method will lie discovered l»efore many years have passed), then indeed will the triumph of the mysterious agent called “ electricity ’* be complete, and we shall see our ocean racers crossing the Atlantic in four days, perhaps, with electricitv used as the main as well as * the auxiliary motive power.