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138 THE ADVANCE OF PHOTOGRAPHY
perhaps be best to deal with some of the leading types now in use, pointing out the special features in each case.
Stand Cameras. — This type of camera is still a great favourite, notwithstanding its bulkiness and weight. It is, of course, better adapted for the photography of fixed objects than the hand camera, although most of these latter can now be arranged as stand cameras if desired.
By means of the stand camera larger direct photographs of any particular object can be taken than with the ordinary hand cameras, but it is doubtful whether this is a distinct advantage, since a good small scale photograph can most easily be enlarged to the required size.
A good stand camera should possess a long extension (over 20" for a J-plate camera), so that it can be used either with a long focus lens or a telephoto attachment. Some cameras are provided with triple extension for this purpose, but there are also double extension models of sufficient range. Then the bellows of the camera should be such that, when not fully extended, or when the front is raised, no portion of the image is prevented from falling upon the plate. The square bellows cameras are, of course, made for this purpose, but there are good models of less cumbersome make which answer the same purpose. Until quite recently the backs of the better-class cameras were so arranged that they could be swung backwards or forwards, in order that the plate might be kept in a vertical position when it was found necessary to tilt the baseboard to obtain the complete image on the screen. It seems likely that this method will be superseded by the method of rising and swing front, as adopted in the newer Sanderson models.
With such cameras, owing to the great covering power of modern lenses, it is possible to photograph most difficult subjects without tilting the base. The axis of the lens can be raised to a higher level than the top of the plate, and it can then be swung into any desired position, the camera