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292 THE ADVANCE OF PHOTOGRAPHY
to consult an up-to-date account and so obtain at first hand information as to the employment of photography on such occasions, it may be mentioned that to view the total solar eclipse which took place on August 30th, 1905, no fewer than five English expeditions went to various parts of the countries round the Mediterranean, where the eclipse was visible. Thus, Professors Callendar and Fowler went to Castell6n de la Sierra, Spain ; Sir William Christie was in charge at Sfax, Tunis ; J. Evershed at Pineda de la Sierra, Spain ; H. F. Newall at Guelma, Algeria ; Professor H. H. Turner at Aswan ; and lastly, L. Becker, at Kalaa-es-Senam, Tunis. A full account (extending over nearly 100 pages) of these various expeditions has been published by the Royal Astronomical Society, from the Proceedings of the Ro}'al Society.
Daily Photographs of Sun's Disc. — Photography is applied to other important purposes in astronomy besides taking pictures of eclipses. Views of the sun are taken daily. The observation of centuries has established that the sun is continually changing : spots appear, increase, and disappear. All these phenomena were at an earlier date explained as openings in the cloudy luminous atmosphere of the sun, which was supposed to surround its dark central mass. These sun-spots follow the revolution of the sun's body round its axis, and experience manifold changes during this time. It is only by means of these spots that the duration of the sun's revolution has been determined. Recent observations have established that the number of the spots increases and decreases periodically, and that this period is connected with the magnetic phenomena of our earth.1 These circum
1 For further information on this point see the various papers by E. W. Maunder, published in the monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, e.g. Great Magnetic Storms, 1875-1903, and their association with Sunspots as recorded at Greenwich (LXIV. No. 3 ; LXV. Nos. 1 and 6). Also apparent influence of the earth on the numbers and areas of sunspots in the cycle 1889-1901 (A. S. Maunder, LXVIII. No. 7)