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constant factor of development to which to peg his manipulations of lighting and exposure.
The Test System.
Differing radically from the timeand-temperature system of development, the test system is based upon the pre-examination of test strips which serve as a guide by which the developing time for the production negative may be altered in order to coordinate more closely the factors of negative exposure, density and contrast with the requirements of the positive printing scale.
In this method, solution temperature and strength are held constant, but the developing time altered to suit the needs of the individual negative. Solution maintenance is effected by substantially the same methods as used for this purpose under the timeand-temperature system.
This system therefore offers the cinematographer a certain measure of protection when he is working under unusual or difficult conditions, and theoretically allows a welcome flexibility.
The advocates of each of these systems naturally take pains to add to these sometimes theoretical arguments, facts of a more practical nature with which to uphold their contentions. Among those most justifiably advanced by exponents of the time-and-temperature system may be mentioned the fol lowing.
First, the possibility of reproducing without alteration or distortion an exact monochrome replica of the photographed scene.
Second, elimination of the need for making tests which are inevitably more or less costly to make, and
which can in many cases be inaccurate or misleading.
Third, reducing by one (the test reader) the variables interposed between the cameraman and the screen.
Fourth, the maintenance of an unvarying standard of negative processing to which the cameraman ma\ adjust himself, and thereby be able to secure in a direct line the desired contrast and mood in his screened picture.
Theory vs Practice.
In theory, the writer has always held that the time-and-temperature method [daces the responsibility for negative uniformity both as to contrast and as to density in the hands of the cinematographer, where it rightfully belongs. Reducing the number of variables between bis work and the screen is also a step in the right direction, since he alone possesses the complete knowledge of the effects, mood and visual tempo for which he is striving — a knowledge which in the existing structure of production is not readily available to the laboratory.
In practice, however, certain conditions lend to offset some of these theoretical advantages of the timeand-temperature system, as the adherents of the test method are at pains to point out. First among these is the virtual impossibility of maintaining a standard of absolutely consistent processing. While, in comparison to what was common only a relatively few years ago, we are justifiably proud of the consistency of modern methods and machines, it must be admitted that this consistency is relative, rather than absolute, and that in methods based on consistent solution strength, temperature and machine speed, sufficient
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